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- <text id=93CT1605>
- <link 90TT0917>
- <title>
- Belgium--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Europe
- Belgium
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Belgium has existed essentially in its present form since
- 1830, when an uprising led to independence from the Netherlands.
- The country's name goes back to a Celtic tribe, the Belgae, whom
- Julius Caesar described as the most courageous tribe in all of
- Gaul. The Belgae were overwhelmed, however, by Caesar's legions
- around 50 B.C., and for 300 years the area was a Roman province.
- Some scholars believe that the southern part of Belgium was the
- northernmost area of true Roman cultural penetration, beyond
- which Latin never really took hold.
- </p>
- <p> The proto-Dutch language, spoken by the Frankish invaders
- who swept through the Roman Empire in the 4th century A.D., took
- hold north of that line, and some say is at the root of the
- linguistic division of modern Belgium.
- </p>
- <p> Throughout most of the Middle Ages, life in the area centered
- on the quasi-independent trading and manufacturing towns-Ghent,
- Bruges, Antwerp, Liege, and others-that rose out of the rubble
- left by the Viking ravages of northern Europe. After centuries
- of war and many accidents of dynastic succession, the area that
- had come to be known as the Lowlands-comprising the approximate
- modern territories of Belgium, the Netherlands, and
- Luxembourg-came into the possession of Charles V, the Holy Roman
- Emperor in the early 1500s.
- </p>
- <p> The arrival of Protestantism polarized the Lowlands into two
- hostile camps. In the religious wars, the split became
- geographic and political as the Protestants Provinces of the
- Netherlands in the north. The remaining Catholic territory after
- these wars is roughly equivalent to modern Belgium.
- </p>
- <p> After two centuries of Spanish rule, the country passed as
- a consequence of the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) to the Austrian
- Hapsburgs. It was annexed to France by Napoleon in 1794. After
- his defeat in 1815, Belgium was awarded to the Netherlands.
- However, the inhabitants after 15 years of chafing against Dutch
- administrative and economic reforms, revolted and declared the
- independent state of Belgium in 1830. A German prince was found
- to take the newly established throne with its progressive,
- almost republican constitution, and the state was successfully
- launched with Leopold I as the first King of the Belgians.
- </p>
- <p> For 84 years, Belgium remained neutral in an era of
- intra-European wars until German troops overran the country
- during their attack on France in 1914. King Albert, the
- constitutional commander in chief of the armed forces, rallied
- what remained of his troops and, after linking up with the
- French Army, was able to hang onto a tiny corner of Flemish
- Belgium near the sea throughout the war. Some of the fiercest
- battles of World War I were fought on these "Flanders' fields."
- </p>
- <p> The interwar years saw an unprecedented blooming of Flemish
- culture in northern Belgium and a sharpening of ethnic rivalry
- between the northern Dutch-speaking Flemings and the southern
- French-speaking Walloons. Partly as a result, in 1936 Belgium
- reverted to its former policy of neutrality, trying not to
- provide Nazi Germany with an excuse to invade. As in 1914, this
- failed, and Belgium was occupied by the Germans in 1940. While
- the cabinet and other political leaders established a
- government-in-exile in London, the King remained in Belgium for
- the entire war. The King's controversial behavior during the
- German occupation forced him, in 1951, to abdicate in favor of
- his son, the present King Baudouin.
- </p>
- <p>Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> The most significant factor in Belgian politics is the
- division of the Belgian people into two major language
- groups-Dutch speakers (often referred to in Belgium as Flemish
- speakers) and French speakers. All major institutions are
- divided by language. Regional and linguistic rivalries and needs
- must be taken into account in all important national decisions.
- Constitutional reform efforts since the early 1960s have sought
- to mitigate potential conflicts between language groups by
- allowing increasing autonomy to the linguistic regions. The
- 1988-89 round of constitutional reform resulted in the
- devolution of significant powers to regional and community
- assemblies and executive boards.
- </p>
- <p> In the short term, the cabinet is faced with the task of
- completing the far-reaching constitutional reform program begun
- in 1988. A more gradual process of elaborating on the reforms
- already made and working out unforeseen details is expected over
- the next decade.
- </p>
- <p> The most important medium-term political issue is
- implementing austerity measures while maintaining economic
- growth and good labor-management relations.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- December 1989.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-